活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)，是(shi)(shi)黑色粉末狀或塊狀、顆粒狀、蜂窩狀的(de)(de)無定形(xing)碳(tan)，也有(you)排列(lie)規(gui)整的(de)(de)晶體(ti)碳(tan)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)中除碳(tan)元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)外，還包含兩類摻(chan)和物(wu)(wu)：一類是(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)結合的(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)，主要是(shi)(shi)氧和氫(qing)，這些元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)是(shi)(shi)由于未完全炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)而殘(can)留在(zai)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)中，或者在(zai)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)程中，外來的(de)(de)非碳(tan)元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)與活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)表(biao)面化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)結合；另一類摻(chan)和物(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)灰分，它是(shi)(shi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)無機部分，灰分在(zai)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)中易造成(cheng)二次污(wu)染。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)由于具(ju)有(you)較強(qiang)的(de)(de)吸附性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，廣泛應(ying)用于生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)中。

活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)是(shi)經過加(jia)工處(chu)理(li)所得的(de)無定形碳(tan)，具有(you)很(hen)大的(de)比表面積，對氣體、溶(rong)(rong)液中的(de)無機或有(you)機物(wu)質(zhi)及膠體顆粒等(deng)都有(you)良好的(de)吸(xi)附能力。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)主要包括活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)（Activated Carbon , A C ）和(he)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)纖維（Activated Carbon Fibers, ACF ）等(deng)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)作為一(yi)種(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能優良的(de)吸(xi)附劑(ji)，主要是(shi)由于其具有(you)獨特的(de)吸(xi)附表面結構特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)表面化學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能所決定的(de)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)化學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)穩(wen)定，機械(xie)強度高，耐酸、耐堿、耐熱，不溶(rong)(rong)于水與有(you)機溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)，可(ke)以再生使用(yong)，已經廣泛地應用(yong)于化工、環(huan)保、食品(pin)加(jia)工、冶金(jin)、藥物(wu)精制、軍(jun)事化學(xue)防護等(deng)各(ge)個領(ling)域 。目前，改(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)被廣泛用(yong)于污水處(chu)理(li)、大氣污染(ran)防治等(deng)領(ling)域，在(zai)治理(li)環(huan)境污染(ran)方面越(yue)來越(yue)顯(xian)示出其誘人的(de)美好前景(jing)。

活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)80%-90%以上由碳元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)組成，這(zhe)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)為疏水(shui)性(xing)(xing)吸附劑的原(yuan)因。除了碳元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)外(wai)，還包含有兩類(lei)摻和物(wu)(wu)：一(yi)類(lei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)結合的元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)，主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)氧和氫，這(zhe)些元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由于未完全炭(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)而殘(can)留在(zai)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)，或者在(zai)活(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)程中(zhong)，外(wai)來的非(fei)碳元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)與活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)表面(mian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)結合，如(ru)用(yong)水(shui)蒸氣活(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)時，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)表面(mian)被氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)或水(shui)蒸氣氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)；另(ling)一(yi)類(lei)摻和物(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)灰分，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的無機部分。

活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)原料(liao)幾(ji)乎(hu)可(ke)以是(shi)(shi)所有(you)(you)富含(han)碳(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機材料(liao)，如煤、木(mu)材、果殼(ke)(ke)、椰殼(ke)(ke)、核桃(tao)殼(ke)(ke)、杏殼(ke)(ke)、棗殼(ke)(ke)等。這(zhe)些含(han)碳(tan)材料(liao)在活(huo)(huo)化(hua)爐中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，在高溫和(he)一定壓力下通過(guo)熱解作(zuo)用(yong)被轉換成活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭。在此活(huo)(huo)化(hua)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面積(ji)和(he)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)隙(xi)結構逐漸形(xing)成， 而(er)所謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)過(guo)程正是(shi)(shi)在這(zhe)些孔(kong)隙(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)表(biao)面上進(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)孔(kong)隙(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)對吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)質有(you)(you)選擇(ze)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)由于大(da)分子不能(neng)進(jin)入比(bi)它(ta)孔(kong)隙(xi)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭孔(kong)徑內的(de)(de)(de)(de)緣(yuan)故。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭是(shi)(shi)由含(han)炭為主的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質作(zuo)原料(liao)，經高溫炭化(hua)和(he)活(huo)(huo)化(hua)制得的(de)(de)(de)(de)疏(shu)水(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)劑。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭含(han)有(you)(you)大(da)量微孔(kong)，具(ju)有(you)(you)巨(ju)大(da)無比(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面積(ji)，能(neng)有(you)(you)效地去(qu)(qu)除(chu)色度、臭味，可(ke)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)二(er)級出水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)多(duo)數有(you)(you)機污染(ran)物(wu)和(he)某(mou)些無機物(wu)，包含(han)某(mou)些有(you)(you)毒的(de)(de)(de)(de)重金屬。